Elizabeth of York

Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503) was  Queen consort of England as spouse of King  Henry VII  from 1486 until 1503. Elizabeth of York was a daughter, sister, niece, wife and mother of English monarchs -  Edward IV,  Edward V,  Richard III,  Henry VII and  Henry VIII, respectively.

Daughter of the king
She was born at the   Palace of Westminster, the eldest child of King   Edward IV  and his Queen consort,   Elizabeth Woodville<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, the former Lady Grey. Her christening was celebrated at <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Westminster Abbey<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, her sponsors being her grandmothers <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Cecily Neville<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, Duchess of York, and <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Jacquetta of Luxembourg<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, Duchess of Bedford. Her third sponsor was her cousin, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">She was named a Lady of the Garter in 1477, along with her mother and her paternal aunt Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1469, she was briefly betrothed to George Neville, son of John Neville, Earl of Northumberland, who initially supported Edward IV against his brother Warwick's rebellion. The Earl of Northumberland switched sides, however, and the betrothal was called off. In 1475, Louis XI agreed to let her marry his son, Charles, the Dauphin of France, but Louis reneged on the promise in 1482.

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Sister of the king
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">In 1483, Edward IV died and Elizabeth's younger brother, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Edward V<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, became King. Her uncle, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Richard, Duke of Gloucester<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, was appointed regent and protector of his nephews.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Shortly after his brother's death, Richard began taking steps to isolate his nephews from their Woodville relations. He intercepted Edward V on his way from Ludlow (where he was living as Prince of Wales) to London to be crowned. Edward was placed in the royal residence of the Tower of London, ostensibly for his protection. Elizabeth Woodville fled with her younger son, Richard, and her daughters into sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Gloucester requested Richard go to the Tower to keep his brother company and Elizabeth agreed.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Two months later, on 22 June 1483, Edward IV's marriage was declared invalid (Edward, it was claimed, had at the time of his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville already been betrothed to Lady Eleanor Butler); this made the children of the marriage bastards and ineligible for the succession. Parliament issued a bill, Titulus Regius ("The Title of the King"), in support of this position: it legally bastardised the children of Edward IV, and declared Richard the rightful king. Richard then ascended the throne as Richard III on 6 July 1483, and Edward V and his brother disappeared shortly afterwards. Soon unfound rumours began to spread that they had been murdered.

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Niece of the king
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">Elizabeth's mother, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Elizabeth Woodville<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, made an alliance with <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Lady Margaret Beaufort <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, mother of <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  Henry Tudor<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, who was the closest to Royalty the Lancastrian party possessed. Although Henry was descended from <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  King Edward III<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">his claim to the throne was weak, due to the clause barring ascension to the throne by any heirs of the legitimized offspring of his great-great-grandparents, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  John of Gaunt<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">(3rd son of King Edward III) and Katherine Swynford. Despite this, his mother and Elizabeth Woodville agreed Henry should move to claim the throne, and once he had taken it, he would marry Woodville's daughter, Elizabeth of York, uniting the two rival Houses. In December 1483, in the cathedral in Rennes, Henry swore an oath promising to marry her, and began planning an invasion.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Meanwhile, Richard III made plans to marry her to an unimportant naval officer, a son of Robert Stillington. However, he was captured by the French along the coast of Normandy and imprisoned in Paris, where he died "of hunger and poverty".

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1484, Elizabeth and her family left Westminster Abbey and returned to Richard's court. It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry her: his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. Richard denied this and the Crowland Chronicle claims he was forced to do so by enemies of the Woodvilles, who dreaded the family's return to royal favour. There is no conclusive evidence of Richard's intention to marry Elizabeth (which would have been subject to the Pope granting dispensations for such marriages), although Sir George Buck later stated to have uncovered a now lost letter from Elizabeth which indicated she was involved and willing. In fact, very soon after Queen Anne's death, Richard opened negotiations with John II of Portugal for a double marriage alliance, by which he would have married the king's sister, Joanna, and Elizabeth their cousin, the future Manuel I.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">However, on 7 August 1485, Henry and his army landed in Wales and began marching inland. On 22 August 1485, Henry and Richard fought the Battle of Bosworth Field. Richard, despite having the larger army, was betrayed by some of his most powerful retainers and died in battle. Henry took the crown by right of conquest as Henry VII.

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Wife of the king
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">Henry acknowledged the necessity of marrying Elizabeth to secure the stability of his rule and weaken the claims of other surviving members of the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  House of York<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, but he insisted on being king due to a tenuous claim of inheritance from <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  John of Gaunt<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, ruling in his own right, and not by his marriage to the heir of the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">  House of York<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, and had no intention of sharing power,  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">Consequently, he chose to be crowned on 30 October 1485, before his marriage.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Henry had the Titulus Regius repealed, thereby relegitimising the children of Edward IV and acknowledged Edward V as his predecessor, since he did not want the legitimacy of his wife or her claim as heiress of Edward IV called into question. After a papal dispensation was procured, Henry and Elizabeth married on 18 January 1486. Their first son, Arthur, was born on 20 September 1486. Henry had Elizabeth crowned queen consort on 25 November 1487.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;"> The marriage proved successful and both partners appear to have cared for each other. As queen, Elizabeth did not exercise much political influence, due to her strong-minded mother-in-law  Lady Margaret Beaufort, but she was reported to be gentle and kind, and generous to her relations, servants and benefactors. Elizabeth enjoyed music and dancing, as well as dicing. She kept  greyhounds, and she may have enjoyed hunting and archery.

Elizabeth of York's arms,showing her husband’s arms (the royal arms of England)impaling her own paternal arms:

Femme: quarterly, first: France modern and England, second and third: or, a cross gules (de Burgh), fourth (Mortimer).These arms were also borne by her half-brother Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, KG, and emphasised the descent of the House of York from Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarenceon which relationship its claim to the throne was founded<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">On 14 November 1501, Elizabeth's eldest son, Arthur (aged 15), married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, and the pair were sent to Ludlow Castle, traditional residence of the Prince of Wales. Five months later, Arthur died in April 1502. The news of Arthur's death caused Henry VII to break down in grief; Elizabeth comforted him, telling him that he was the only child of his mother (to whom she refers as My Lady), that God had left him with a son and two daughters and that they were both young enough to have more children.

<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:19px;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">Her death
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">Elizabeth became pregnant once more, and in the last months of this, went for her  confinement period<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> to the Tower of London. On 2 February 1503, Elizabeth gave birth to a girl named  Katherine<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">, but the child died a few days afterwards. Succumbing to a  post partum<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> infection, Elizabeth died on 11 February, her 37th birthday. Her husband appeared to sincerely mourn her death; according to one account, he "privily departed to a solitary place and would no man should resort unto him". Despite his reputation for thrift, he gave her a splendid funeral; she lay in state in the Tower and was buried in Westminster Abbey, in the Lady Chapel Henry had built. He later entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain -  Joan, Dowager Queen of Naples<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> (niece of Ferdinand II of Aragon), Joanna, Queen of Castile<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella), and  Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"> (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile) were all considered - but Henry died a widower in 1509. He was buried with Elizabeth; they can be found today, under their effigies in his chapel. Her tomb was opened in the 19th century. The wood casing of her lead coffin was found to have been removed to create space for the interment of her great-great grandson,  James I<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;">.